Once you ... put the pieces back together,
even though you may look intact,
you (are) never quite the same
as you were before ...
Jodi Picoult
Hello, Everyone,
Over the summer as I was writing an article on Chronic Sorrow, I tripped over some interesting new medical research on a proposed subset of posttraumatic stress called enduring somatic threat (EST). Have you heard of it? Well, to be honest, neither had I - though in retrospect I recognize aspects of it in my husband's seven year journey with heart failure.
Physicians and psychologists in the cardiovascular field have been studying the 12 - 25% of people who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) responses after life-threatening medical events such as heart attacks, unstable angina, TIA's and strokes. The response they describe is similar to traditional posttraumatic stress disorder but is said differ from it in four ways:
While I'm not completely sure that all the above distinctions are true distinctions - perhaps it's more a matter of both-and than either-or when it comes to past and present/future somatic threat - it will be interesting to see how this research progresses and whether it begins to explain some of the differences we see between "patient" and family caregiver manifestations of Chronic Sorrow.
I think it is wonderful that medical and psychologically-oriented folk are working together to explore the traumatic impact of life-threatening events on their patients and families. I am hopeful that they will include previous research on Chronic Sorrow and Somatic Experiencing in their explorations and models so that grief and trauma can be addressed together (they're usually entwined in serious chronic illness) and that somatic treatments will be considered for this somatic distress.
If you are interested in reading some scholarly articles about enduring somatic threat, perhaps begin with the articles below:
Edmondson, Donald E. An enduring somatic threat model of posttraumatic stress disorder due to acute life-threatening medical events. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2014 Mar 5; 8(3): 118-134.
1. The initiating event and continuing source of threat come from within the body rather than the external environment so there is nowhere to go to escape the threat.
2. The person's threat-oriented thoughts and intrusions are focused more on the dangers of the present and future than memories of a past event. Because the underlying illness persists, there is constant concern regarding a present or future recurrence of the life-threatening event or something similar.
3. Avoidance behaviours focus on reducing reminders of current and future cardiovascular risk rather than triggers of a past event. (eg Patients may avoid prevention medications and physical activity because they are reminders of the continuing threat.)
4. Hyperarousal behaviours and their consequences are also different from traditional PTS. People become hyper-aware of internal body sensations vs external environmental cues (fear becomes velcroed to an increased heart rate, irregular heartbeat, breathlessness, the first stirrings of chest pressure or pain, slurring of speech, loss of balance, numbness, tingling etc).
While I'm not completely sure that all the above distinctions are true distinctions - perhaps it's more a matter of both-and than either-or when it comes to past and present/future somatic threat - it will be interesting to see how this research progresses and whether it begins to explain some of the differences we see between "patient" and family caregiver manifestations of Chronic Sorrow.
I think it is wonderful that medical and psychologically-oriented folk are working together to explore the traumatic impact of life-threatening events on their patients and families. I am hopeful that they will include previous research on Chronic Sorrow and Somatic Experiencing in their explorations and models so that grief and trauma can be addressed together (they're usually entwined in serious chronic illness) and that somatic treatments will be considered for this somatic distress.
If you are interested in reading some scholarly articles about enduring somatic threat, perhaps begin with the articles below:
Edmondson, Donald E. An enduring somatic threat model of posttraumatic stress disorder due to acute life-threatening medical events. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2014 Mar 5; 8(3): 118-134.
Edmondson, DE et al. A challenge for psychocardiology: Addressing the causes and consequences patients' perceptions of enduring somatic threat. American Psychologist. 2018 Vol. 73, No 9, 1160-1171.
