Enduring Somatic Threat ...

Once you ... put the pieces back together, 

even though you may look intact, 

you (are) never quite the same

as you were before ...

Jodi Picoult

Hello, Everyone,

Over the summer as I was writing an article on Chronic Sorrow, I tripped over some interesting new medical research on a proposed subset of posttraumatic stress called enduring somatic threat (EST). Have you heard of it? Well, to be honest, neither had I -  though in retrospect I recognize aspects of it in my husband's seven year journey with heart failure.

Physicians and psychologists in the cardiovascular field have been studying the 12 - 25% of people who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) responses after life-threatening medical events such as heart attacks, unstable angina, TIA's and strokes. The response they describe is similar to traditional posttraumatic stress disorder but is said differ from it in four ways:

1. The initiating event and continuing source of threat come from within the body rather than the external environment so there is nowhere to go to escape the threat. 

2.  The person's threat-oriented thoughts and intrusions are focused more on the dangers of the present and future than memories of a past event. Because the underlying illness persists, there is constant concern regarding a present or future recurrence of the life-threatening event or something similar. 

3.  Avoidance behaviours focus on reducing reminders of current and future cardiovascular risk rather than triggers of a past event. (eg Patients may avoid prevention medications and physical activity because they are reminders of the continuing threat.)

4.  Hyperarousal behaviours and their consequences are also different from traditional PTS. People become hyper-aware of internal body sensations vs external environmental cues (fear becomes velcroed to an increased heart rate, irregular heartbeat, breathlessness, the first stirrings of chest pressure or pain, slurring of speech, loss of balance, numbness, tingling etc).

While I'm not completely sure that all the above distinctions are true distinctions - perhaps it's more a matter of both-and than either-or when it comes to past and present/future somatic threat - it will be interesting to see how this research progresses and whether it begins to explain some of the differences we see between "patient" and family caregiver manifestations of Chronic Sorrow.

I think it is wonderful that medical and psychologically-oriented folk are working together to explore the traumatic impact of life-threatening events on their patients and families. I am hopeful that they will include previous research on Chronic Sorrow and Somatic Experiencing in their explorations and models so that grief and trauma can be addressed together (they're usually entwined in serious chronic illness) and that somatic treatments will be considered for this somatic distress.

If you are interested in reading some scholarly articles about enduring somatic threat, perhaps begin with the articles below:

Edmondson, Donald E.  An enduring somatic threat model of posttraumatic stress disorder due to acute life-threatening medical events. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2014 Mar 5; 8(3): 118-134.

Edmondson, DE et al. A challenge for psychocardiology: Addressing the causes and consequences patients' perceptions of enduring somatic threat.  American Psychologist. 2018 Vol. 73, No 9, 1160-1171.

Birdie - An Indigenous Book Club Month Selection ...

She ... gets fed love.

She is better when fat with 

the love of women.

Tracey Lindberg

 

Hi Everyone!

Earlier this year, Carolyn Bennett, Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs, proposed an Indigenous Book Club Month for June and I wanted to give you a heads up that June is fast approaching (how is that possible??) and to make some suggestions for your book club or individual indigenous reading.

My own choice for this month is to reread Tracey Lindberg's wonderful book, Birdie, a Canada Reads shortlist winner and a book that has brought greater heart knowledge to my understanding of the long reaching effects of colonization and the residential school system. It seems from the reviews that people either love or are totally confused by this book. I am one of those who love it.

Seen through the lens of intergenerational trauma, posttraumatic stress and the power of women to both betray and hold caring space for each other's growing wholeness, Birdie's story is one of relationship - relationship with self, relationship with family and relationship with the wider world.

This, in many ways, is a book about care-giving, or the lack of it. The story line is that of Birdie, an obese, impoverished, abused young Cree woman, who journeys from northern Alberta to Gibsons, on the BC Sunshine Coast, consciously searching for Jesse, a character in her favourite TV show, The Beachcombers, while at the same time unconsciously on an inner journey searching for her own healing and wholeness.  As she sinks into seeming dissociation from the present, she is cared for by her Auntie Val who is well, the memory of her mother Maggie who is not, and her cousin Skinny Freda and landlady and bakery boss Lola who are somewhere in between. Each has been wounded and has coped in her own way and each expresses her caring according to the degree of her wholeness.

The fluid chronology of the Birdie narrative, slipping seamlessly between present and past, while disturbing and confusing to some, made perfect sense to me as a trauma therapist. While described as characteristic of a vision quest, this meandering in and out of "reality" and "the present moment" is also the experience of one whose sense of time and continuity has been jangled by trauma's intrusive memories and disorienting flashbacks.

Birdie is a story of hope, healing and transformation and I highly recommend it, especially to those who can restrain their analytical minds and just go with an empathic response to another's experience.

Other books by indigenous writers, recommended by CBC, that you might like to consider are:

1.  A Coyote Columbus Story by Thomas King

2.  My Mother is Weird by Rachna Gilmore

3.  Halfbreed, The Book of Jessica, and Stories of the Road Allowance People by Maria Campbell

 4.  The Outside Circle (collection)

Other authors to consider  include Joseph Boyden, Richard van Camp, Leann Simpson, Marilyn Dumont, Jeanette Armstrong, Beatrice Culleton Mosionier, Louise Halfe, Sheila Watt-Cloutier, Eden Robinson and Richard Wagamese.

Have a great read!